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Welcome to another episode of Microsoft Knowledge Nuggets here on M365.

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FM, I'm your host, Mirko Peters.

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Today's topic is one that almost everyone has heard of,

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but fewer people actually understand.

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DNS, which stands for domain name system.

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You've probably heard it called the phone book of the internet,

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and that description isn't far off.

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The job is simple.

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Take a name you can remember, like Contoso.

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Come and turn it into a number computers understand like 20.90.

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152 to 20.

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Computers live on numbers, we live on names,

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and DNS sits right in the middle, making the translation.

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But here's the thing, most people know it performs a lookup,

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but they never see the full chain.

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What actually happens the moment you type a domain into your browser?

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And more importantly, where does Azure fit in?

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By the end of this episode, you'll understand what Azure DNS really is.

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You'll know the difference between public and private DNS zones.

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You'll know which record types you actually need,

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and you'll see how delegation hands control over to Azure,

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recovering the building blocks in plain English, no fluff.

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What DNS actually does?

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Let's start with the core job.

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DNS turns names into numbers when you type Contoso.

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Come into your browser, your computer has no clue what that string means.

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It needs an IP address, something like 20.19, 150 to 20,

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to connect to the server hosting that website.

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DNS makes that translation happen.

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Why does this matter?

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Because computers only understand numbers,

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while humans only remember names.

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You don't memorize your friend's phone number, you remember their name,

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same with websites.

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DNS lets you type Google.

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Come instead of a string of digits, you'd never keep straight.

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So what actually happens when you type a domain into your browser?

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It's a chain, your browser first checks its own cache asking,

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have I looked this up recently?

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If not, it sends a request to a recursive resolver,

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usually provided by your internet service provider.

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From there, the resolver checks its own cache.

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Still no answer?

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Then it climbs the hierarchy.

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It asks a root server first.

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That root server doesn't know the IP address of Contoso.

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But it does know who to ask next, the TLD server for.

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That TLD server doesn't know the exact IP either,

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but it knows the authoritative name server for that domain.

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That's the final stop.

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The authoritative name server holds the actual records.

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It responds with the IP address, the resolver caches it, sends it back to your browser,

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and your browser loads the page.

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You don't need to memorize every step.

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Just know there's a hierarchy and it works.

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The part that matters for us is that last step, the authoritative name server.

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That's where Azure DNS comes in.

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What is Azure DNS?

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So Azure DNS is Microsoft's managed DNS hosting service.

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In plain English, that means you never have to run your own DNS servers,

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patch them, or plan for higher availability.

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As your handles all of that for you,

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you create a DNS zone in Azure for your domain,

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add your records like A records, Caname records, whatever you need,

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and Azure hosts those records on its global infrastructure.

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When someone anywhere on the internet queries your domain,

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Azure's name servers answer.

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And because it's built on Azure's global network,

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it's fast, resilient, and scales automatically.

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You don't have to think about it.

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It just works.

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You manage everything through the Azure portal,

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the command line, or ARM templates if you're into infrastructure as code.

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No manual server configs, no SSHing into a box to edit zone files.

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It's all point and click or script and deploy.

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Now let's compare that to the traditional approach.

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20 years ago, you'd run your own DNS servers.

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You'd be responsible for patching the OS, ensuring redundancy,

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so a single server failure doesn't take your domain offline

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and planning capacity for traffic spikes.

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With Azure DNS, that's all someone else's problem.

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You just create your zone, add your records, and your done.

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But here's where it gets interesting.

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Azure DNS isn't just for public websites.

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It also handles internal name resolution

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inside your Azure virtual networks.

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That's where the distinction between public and private DNS zones comes in.

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Public DNS zones versus private DNS zones.

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Let's break down the two flavors of DNS zones in Azure.

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Public DNS zones are exactly what they sound like,

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domains that need to be reachable from the internet.

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Any name that someone outside your network needs to resolve,

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like your website, API endpoint or email server,

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goes into a public zone.

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Private DNS zones are the opposite,

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therefore names that should only resolve inside your Azure virtual networks.

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For example, say you have a database server.

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You don't want the whole internet asking for its IP address.

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You just want your application VMs to find it.

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So you create a private zone and only the networks you link to it can resolve those names.

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Here's a concrete example.

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Say you have a database server and internally you want to call it DB.

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Internal.com.toso.com.

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That name means nothing to the outside world and it shouldn't.

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But your app VMs need to find it.

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With a private DNS zone, you create that record,

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link the zone to your virtual network

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and suddenly every VM in that network can resolve DB.

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Internal.com.toso.com to the databases private IP,

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no custom DNS servers required.

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Now here's where private zones get really useful.

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You can link a single private zone to multiple virtual networks even across regions.

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So if you have a web app in East US and a database in West Europe,

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both vnets can share the same private zone.

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The web app resolves the database name just fine,

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even though they're in different data centers.

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No peering configuration for DNS, no forwarding rules,

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you just link the zone.

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Autoregistration is another feature worth knowing about.

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When you enable it on a virtual network link,

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Azure automatically creates a records for every VM as it spins up.

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You deploy a new VM and within minutes there's a DNS record for it.

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You delete the VM, the record goes away.

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No manual record management.

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It's especially useful in dynamic environments where VMs come and go.

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I hear a lot of people think private zones need a registered domain name.

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They don't.

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You can name a private zone anything you want.

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Internal.com.com.toso.toso.toso.t

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DB.tont.torial.

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It doesn't matter because nobody outside your network will ever query it.

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There's no domain register involved, no public delegation.

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It's purely internal.

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Let's summarize the difference.

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Public zones are for the internet.

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Private zones are for your virtual networks.

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Public zones require a domain you own and delegation from your register.

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Private zones just need a name and a vnet link.

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Once you have your zone set up, public or private,

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you need records to map names to resources.

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That's the foundation.

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And once you get it, the rest is just adding records.

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Record types you'll actually use.

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So what DNS records are you going to use day to day?

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Let's walk through them.

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The A record is the one everyone knows.

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It maps a name to an IPv4 address, type www.cont.zo.com into your browser.

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And that A record tells it the server lives at 20.19.

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152.20, simple and universal.

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It's the most common record type on the internet.

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But A records do the same thing for IPv6 addresses.

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If your server supports IPv6, you'll need them right alongside your A records.

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Most people don't touch these day to day, but they're there when you need them.

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The name records work differently.

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Instead of mapping a name to an IP, a name maps one name to another name.

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So you might have www.cont.zo.com as a name pointing to cont.zo.

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A zero websites dot net.

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When someone queries www.cont.zo.com, the DNS resolver follows the chain

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until it finds the actual IP.

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And here's the beauty.

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Cnames are perfect for aliasing.

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Change the target once and everything pointing to it updates automatically.

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MX records handle email routing.

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If someone sends an email to user at cont.zo.

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And here's the command.

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The sending server queries the MX record to find out which mail server should receive it.

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You'll typically have one or more MX records with priority values.

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Lower numbers mean higher priority.

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So mail.cont.zo.com with priority 10 gets tried before backup.

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Cont.zo.com with priority 20, TXT, record store text information, and they get used for all kinds

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of things.

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Domain verification is a big one.

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When you're setting up Microsoft 365, they ask you to add a TXT record to prove you own

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the domain.

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Mail authentication to SPF records, D.Keyam keys, D.Mark policies.

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All of those are TXT records.

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They look like random strings of text, but they serve important security purposes.

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Now here's where Azure DNS adds something you won't find in traditional DNS hosting.

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Alias records.

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These are Azure specific and they're extremely useful.

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An alias record lets you point a name directly to an Azure resource instead of a static IP

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address.

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So instead of creating an A record with a hard coded IP for your load balancer, you create

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an alias record that points to the load balancer resource itself.

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And that matters because Azure resources can change their IP addresses.

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A load balancer gets redeployed or a CDN endpoint gets a new front end IP.

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With a regular A record, you'd have to manually update the DNS record every time that happens.

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But with an alias record, Azure handles it automatically.

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The record always points to the current IP of the resource.

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No manual work, no forgotten updates, and no downtime because someone forgot to change

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a record.

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One more thing about how Azure organizes records.

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When Azure DNS records of the same type and name are grouped together into a record set.

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So if you have two web servers serving the same site, you'd create a single A record set

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for www.contoso.com with two IP addresses in it.

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The DNS resolver returns both and the client picks one.

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That's a simple form of load balancing.

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Same idea applies to MX records with multiple mail servers.

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The record set keeps everything tidy.

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So you've got your zone, you've got your records.

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But there's one more step before the internet will actually use your Azure DNS zone.

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You have to tell the rest of the world that Azure is now the authority for your domain.

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That process is called delegation.

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Delegation how you hand over control.

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So you've created your public DNS zone in Azure, added your records, and everything looks

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good on your end.

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Here's the thing.

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Nobody on the internet knows Azure is supposed to answer queries for your domain.

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You have to tell them.

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That's what delegation is.

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Delegation is the process of saying to the rest of the internet, Azure DNS is now the

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authority for my domain.

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You do this at your domain registrar.

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Go daddy name cheap, Google domains wherever you bought your domain, you go into their DNS

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settings and change the name server records to point to Azure.

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When you create a public DNS zone in Azure, the service gives you four name server addresses.

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They look something like NS1, Neo1, Azure DNS.com, NS2.zor1.azurednest.net and so on.

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Those are the servers that will answer queries for your domain.

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You take those four addresses and put them into your registrar's name server configuration.

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That's it.

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That's the delegation step.

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As you save those changes, the information starts propagating across the internet.

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The root servers and TLD servers for your domain get updated.

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They learn that when someone asks for contoso, come, they should send the query to Azure's

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name servers instead of wherever it was pointed before.

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Propagation usually happens within minutes, but it can take up to 48 hours in some cases because

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DNS resolvers around the world cache the old information and won't check for updates until

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their cache expires.

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Now here's something important.

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Delegation is one way.

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Azure doesn't manage your registrar.

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You still renew your domain through GoDaddy or Namecheap or whoever.

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You still manage the registration there.

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Azure just hosted the DNS records.

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The two are separate.

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Your registrar handles the I own this domain part.

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Azure handles the, here's the IP address for this domain part.

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There's a common gotcha here that catches people off guard.

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When you change your name servers to point to Azure, the DNS records at your old host stop

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working.

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All of them, your A records, your MX records, your TXT records, they're gone because

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the internet is no longer asking your old host for answers.

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So you need to make sure you've recreated every single record in Azure before you flip

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the switch.

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Otherwise your website goes down, your email stops flowing and you're scrambling to figure

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out what you missed.

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Plan the migration carefully.

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Create the zone in Azure, add all your records, then change the name servers.

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Not the other way around.

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Delegation is the final piece for public zones.

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It's what connects your Azure DNS zone to the global DNS infrastructure.

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But for private zones, the story is completely different.

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There's no registrar involved and no delegation.

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Instead, you link your zone directly to the virtual networks that needed.

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Private DNS in action.

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Linking to virtual networks.

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So how do you actually make a private DNS zone useful?

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Think of it as a container for records, but it's useless until you link it to a virtual

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network.

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That link tells Azure which networks are allowed to resolve those names.

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Without that link, the zone exists, but nobody can query it.

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Like having a phone book with no phones to make calls, the setup is straightforward.

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You create a virtual network link from the private zone to each vnet that needs resolution.

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Pick the vnet, give the link a name, and save it.

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Once that's done, the zone works for every VM and service inside that network.

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With no custom DNS servers or host file edits needed, it just works.

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Here's the thing about auto registration.

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When you create a vnet link, you get a choice.

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Designated as a registration vnet or leave it as resolution only.

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And that difference matters a lot.

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Auto registration only works on the vnet you mark for registration.

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Any VM that spins up there automatically gets an A record created in the private zone.

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Deploy a new VM and within minutes a DNS record appears.

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Delete that VM and the record disappears, no manual work.

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What about other vnet's linked to the same zone?

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Their resolution only.

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They can look up names and get answers, but they don't auto register.

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So their VMs don't get records created automatically.

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That's intentional, especially for a shared private zone for a central service.

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You don't want every VM in every spoke network creating records automatically.

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Instead, keep registration on the vnet where your actual servers live and let everyone else

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just resolve.

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Let me give you a real scenario.

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Say you have a web application running in one vnet and a database server in a different

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vnet, maybe even in different Azure regions, the web app needs to connect to the database,

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but you don't want to hard code the databases private IP.

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That's fragile.

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If the database gets redeployed with a new IP, your web app breaks.

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So instead create a private DNS zone, add an A record for the database name and link

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the zone to both vnets.

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Now the web app resolves db internal.contoso.com to the databases IP.

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And that IP changes, you update one record instead of hunting through configuration files.

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Cross region linking works fine with private zones.

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You can have a vnet in east US and another in west Europe, both linked to the same private

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zone and name resolution happens across regions without any extra configuration.

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Azure handles the routing behind the scenes, something you don't get with traditional DNS

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servers without setting up complex forwarding rules.

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So delegation for public zones, vnet links for private zones and two different mechanisms

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for two different purposes.

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Since you have both set up, you've got the foundation, but there's still the question of

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keeping everything secure and making sure it stays healthy.

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Security, monitoring and best practices.

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Now let's talk about keeping your DNS healthy and secure.

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Azure DNS integrates with Azure R back so you control exactly who can create or modify

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records.

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You don't want someone accidentally deleting your MX record and taking down email for the

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whole company.

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Give your DNS team contributor access and everyone else read only.

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It's that simple.

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You can also use Azure policy to enforce rules across your entire organization.

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Maybe you want to enforce naming conventions for your zones or maybe your security team

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says no public zones allowed.

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Everything must be private.

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Write a policy, apply it at the management group level and it's enforced everywhere with

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no exceptions.

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There's also DNS level threat intelligence built in.

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Part of Microsoft Defender for Cloud can block resolution of known malicious domains.

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If a VM in your network tries to resolve a domain, flagged as a phishing site or a malware

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command and control server, Azure DNS can refuse to answer.

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It's a layer of security you get without any extra configuration.

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Monitoring is straightforward too.

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Azure monitor tracks query volumes latency and errors per zone.

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You can set up alerts so if query volume suddenly drops, you know something's broken.

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If latency spikes, there's a network issue.

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You get visibility into how your DNS is performing without running separate monitoring tools.

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One best practice.

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Use alias records instead of static.

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A records for Azure resources.

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We covered this earlier, but it's worth repeating alias records update automatically when the underlying

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resource changes static A records don't.

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If you're pointing to a load balancer, a CDN endpoint or a traffic manager profile, use

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an alias record.

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It's one less thing to remember when something changes.

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For hybrid environments with workloads on premises and in Azure, there's a service called

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Azure DNS private resolver.

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It's a managed service that bridges on premises DNS and Azure private DNS zones.

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Your on premises service can resolve names in Azure private zones and your Azure workloads

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can resolve on premises names.

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No custom DNS VMs to patch, no complex forwarding rules to maintain.

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It used to require a lot of manual setup, but now it's just a service you configure.

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So here's the big picture.

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Azure DNS is a managed service that handles your DNS hosting for you, giving you public

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zones for the internet and private zones for your virtual networks.

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Standard record types like A and Cnaim cover everything you need and alias records make it

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easy to point to other Azure services.

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Delegation hands control of your public domain to Azure and vnet links connect your private

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zones to the right networks.

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Now here's something to try.

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Grab a domain you own at a registrar, create a public zone in Azure, add a test record, and

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then change your name servers to delegate to Azure.

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That's the clearest way to see how it actually works in practice.

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Next episode will look at Azure DNS private resolver which links your cloud DNS to on premises

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networks.

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If you found this helpful, subscribe on your favorite podcast platform and share it with

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someone who's still running DNS on a virtual machine.